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UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION AGAINST TORTURE, INTERNATIONAL LAW VISUALIZED. FOLLOWING THE 1975 DECLARATION ON TORTURE, THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY ENACTED THE CONVENTION AGAINST TORTURE AND OTHER CRUEL, INHUMAN, OR DEGRADING TREATMENT OR PUNISHMENT IN 1984, AND IT WENT INTO EFFECT IN 1987. THERE ARE OVER 170 STATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION, AND THEY ARE REQUIRED TO PREVENT AND PUNISH ACTS OF TORTURE IN THEIR JURISDICTIONS, AS NO EXCEPTIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES, SUCH AS WAR, PUBLIC EMERGENCY, OR OBEYING SUPERIOR ORDERS, CAN BE USED TO JUSTIFY TORTURE. THE CONVENTION REQUIRES STATES HOLDING A SUSPECTED TORTURER TO PROSECUTE OR EXTRADITE HIM AND PROTECT AND COMPENSATE TORTURE VICTIMS. IT ALSO MANDATES THAT LAW ENFORCEMENT EMPLOYEES AND OTHERS INVOLVED IN THE CUSTODY, INTERROGATION, OR TREATMENT OF PRISONERS OR DETAINEES BE EDUCATED ON THE PROHIBITION OF TORTURE. THE CONVENTION ALSO CREATED A COMMITTEE AGAINST TORTURE, WHICH COMPRISES TEN INDEPENDENT SPECIALISTS CHOSEN BY THE PARTIES, AND STATES MEMBERS REPORT TO THE COMMITTEE ON THE STEPS THEY HAVE TAKEN TO IMPLEMENT THE CONVENTION. IN ADDITION, UPON RECEIVING RELIABLE INFORMATION ABOUT THE SYSTEMATIC PRACTICE OF TORTURE IN THE TERRITORY OF A STATE PARTY, THE COMMITTEE MAY INVITE THAT COUNTRY TO CO-OPERATE IN EXAMINING THE INFORMATION AND SUBMITTING OBSERVATIONS. STATES, INDIVIDUALS, AND GROUPS CAN ALSO SUBMIT TO THE COMMITTEE ANY ALLEGING VIOLATIONS OF THE CONVENTION, IF THE ACCUSED STATE HAS RECOGNIZED THE RIGHT OF OTHERS TO DO SO. IN 2002, AN OPTIONAL PROTOCOL ESTABLISHED A SYSTEM OF REGULAR VISITS TO ALL PLACES, WHERE PEOPLE ARE DEPRIVED OF THEIR LIBERTY BY INDEPENDENT INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL BODIES, TO PREVENT TORTURE AND OTHER CRUEL, INHUMAN, OR DEGRADING TREATMENT OR PUNISHMENT. law international law torture human rights convention treaty un convention Sources Of International Law UN Public International Law القانون الدولي pacta sunt servanda United Nations self-determination Суверенитет संप्रभुता Soberanía अंतरराष्ट्रीय कानून 国际法 internationaal recht ΔΙΕΘΝΕΣ ΔΙΚΑΙΟ hukum internasional legge internazionale 国際法,국제법 قانون بین المللی lei internacional Международный закон กฎหมายระหว่างประเทศ Uluslararası hukuk আন্তর্জাতিক আইন human rights law